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Hippolyte Taine
Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (21 April 1828 – 5 March 1893) was a French critic and historian. He was the chief theoretical influence of French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitioners of historicist criticism. Literary historicism as a critical movement has been said to originate with him.〔Kelly, R. Gordon (1974). "Literature and the Historian", ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 26, No. 2, 143.〕 Taine is particularly remembered for his three-pronged approach to the contextual study of a work of art, based on the aspects of what he called "race, milieu, and moment".
Taine had a profound effect on French literature; the 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' asserted that "the tone which pervades the works of Zola, Bourget and Maupassant can be immediately attributed to the influence we call Taine's."〔Baring, Maurice (1911). ("Hippolyte Taine." ) In: ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol. 26, Eleventh Edition. Cambridge University Press, p. 363.〕
==Early years==
Taine was born in Vouziers,〔Duclaux, Mary (1903). ("The Youth of Taine," ) ''The Living Age,'' Vol. 236, pp. 545–560.〕 but entered a boarding school, the Institution Mathé, whose classes were conducted at the Collège Bourbon, at the age of 13 in 1841, after the death of his father.〔''EB'' 1911, p. 360.〕 He excelled as a student, receiving a number of prizes in both scientific and humanistic subjects, and taking two Baccalauréat degrees at the École Normale before he was 20.〔''EB'' 1911, p. 360.〕 Taine's contrarian politics led to difficulties keeping teaching posts,〔Bosky, Bernadette Lynn, "Hippolyte-Adolphe Taine", ''Cyclopedia of World Authors'' (EBSCO Literary Reference Center).〕 and his early academic career was decidedly mixed; he failed the exam for the national ''Concours d'Agrégation'' in 1851.〔Lombardo, Patrizia (1990). ("Hippolyte Taine Between Art and Science" ), ''Yale French Studies'', Vol. 77, p. 119.〕 After his dissertation on sensation was rejected, he abandoned his studies in the social sciences, feeling that literature was safer.〔Wolfenstein, Martha (1944). ("The Social Background of Taine's Philosophy of Art" ), ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', Vol. 5, No. 3, p. 335.〕 He completed a doctorate at the Sorbonne in 1853, with considerably more success in his new field; his dissertation, ''Essai sur les fables de La Fontaine'', won him a prize from the Académie française.〔Bosky.〕
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